Diagnosis and Management of Submandibular Sialolithiasis.

Submandibular gland is the most common site of stone formation among all the salivary glands, owing to its long duct, mucus rich saliva and antigravity flow. Swelling and pain on eating is its most common presentation. Most salivary stones are made up of calcium phosphates, and only a few contain pure organic material. Surgical removal is required, and the route of surgery is planned according to the site and size of the stone.METHODSWe conducted a cross sectional study on 25 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of submandibular sialolithiasis. Thorough history taking and clinical examination was followed by ultrasound scan to confirm the diagnosis and establish the site and size of the stone. Stone procured after removal was analysed chemically in the biochemistry laboratory.RESULTSOut of 25 patients, calculi in 11 cases were found in the intraglandular part of the submandibular gland and in 14 cases in the intraductal part of the gland. Out of the 14 cases with stone in the intraductal part, in 4 cases the stone was removed with the help of sialagogues and milking due to the very small size of the stone; whereas, in 10 cases the stone was removed intraorally with marsupialisation of the duct under local anaesthesia. In 11 cases the gland had to be removed along with the stone. As per the biochemical analysis, calcium and phosphate stones were the commonest in our study followed by oxalate calculi. Obtained results showed that the studied salivary stones had almost 10% association with nephrolithiasis. The salivary pH was acidic in 10 cases and alkaline in 15 cases.CONCLUSIONSCharacteristic history, thorough clinical examination and ultrasonic examination help us in the diagnosis of sialolithiasis. The site and size of the calculus is the deciding factor for the surgical plan. Biochemically stones are invariably composed of calcium and phosphates. Simultaneous occurrence of sialoliths and renal calculi was purely by chance or as a comorbidity needs to be studied more in a larger study group.

A Rare Case of Epidermoid Cyst at Suprasternal Notch in an Adult.

Dermoid cysts are benign entities, characterized histologically as- if it is lined by squamous epithelium, it is known as epidermoid cyst, if it contains skin adnexa, it is called true dermoid and if it contains tissue of all three germ layers like muscle, teeth, bone, cartilage it is called teratoid cyst. Prevalence is 7% and 1.6 % in head & neck and oral cavity respectively. According to literature the term dermoid cyst can be used interchangeably for any of the three histologically distinct entities. They occur at areas of embryonic fusion. Dermoid cyst are classified into four categories based on location 1. Periorbital 2. Nasal 3. Submental 4. Lower neck region.[1],[2]

Analysis of methyl parathion in biological samples using thin layer chromatography.

Pesticides are major contaminating chemicals in agriculture environment and a hazard to exposed population. The pesticides form a strong class of environment pollutants, as they are sometimes nonbiodegradable, damaged not only the environment and agriculture but also have entered into the food chain thereby affecting health and development. Methyl parathion is a broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide generally used to control a variety of insects. The present study was planned to develop a new method for analysis of Methyl parathion in human blood samples using thin layer chromatography technique, which is simple and quick. Methyl Parathion was extracted from blood using solvent extraction methods and then identified on the TLC plates. For chromatographic separation, various binary and tertiary solvent systems were used and for detection on developed plates, palladium chloride reagent was used which successfully increased the sensitivity without dispensing with the simplicity of the method. Statistical analysis was performed on four solvent systems namely benzene: chloroform (80:20), hexane: carbontetrachloride (50:50), hexane: carbontetrachloride (20:80), hexane: propanol (20:80) which included the calculation of mean Rf value, value of standard deviation and coefficient of variance. It is evident from the statistical data that hexane: carbontetrachloride (50:50), hexane: carbon tetrachloride (20:80) is preferably good solvent systems for parathion identification by thin layer chromatography.

Synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial screening of some AZO compounds.

In this study, a series of azo compounds were synthesized in excellent yields via the diazotization of different aromatic amines followed by coupling with 2-naphthol. These compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral techniques. The synthesized compounds have been tested in vitro against a number of microorganisms in order to assess their antimicrobial properties using disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were also determined by the broath microdilution technique. Some of the products exhibited comparable activity with known standard drugs at same concentration.